This study aimed to assess indirect land use change (iLUC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) consequences of
Thailand's bioethanol policy by using consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) and a systematic iLUC
model based on global land market. The results indicated the risk that life cycle GHG emissions of
cassava- and molasses-based bioethanol systems may outweigh those from their fossil fuel counterparts
both with and without the iLUC effects. The iLUC emissions from bioethanol were around 39%e76% (±8
e15%) of the gasoline GHG emission baseline. Inclusion of relevant suppliers for the use of fully utilised
by-products which are renewable energy sources (i.e. molasses and bagasse) highly affected the GHG
consequences. Various controlled conditions such as non-fully utilised molasses and bagasse potentially
lead to significant GHG reductions. The additional molasses and bagasse production dedicated specifically
for bioethanol production potentially contribute to substantial GHG reductions. Further studies are
required to determine other environmental impacts from bioethanol and to consider other iLUC
modelling choices and emerging research development.