et al., 1981; Reyes-Caudillo et al., 2008). The values obtained for thefibre content showed a wide range of variation, which may havebeen due to the method used. Chia contains mucilage, which mayhinder the complete enzyme digestion. Reyes-Caudillo et al. (2008)reported that the insoluble fraction is the predominant fraction ascompared to the soluble fraction.The WCF showed a greater particle size than the wheat flour(Table 2). In addition, the WCF presented particles with high oilcontents, tending to the particle size of flakes. The characteristic ofparticle size of the raw materials is an important aspect in thepreparation of baked products, since the proper particle distributionallows for greater uniformity in the manufactured product(Borges et al., 2006). The particle size has a direct influence on thewater adsorption capacity, since smaller flour particles proportionallyabsorb more water, and can absorb faster than the largerparticles (Borges, Ascheri, Ascheri, Nascimento & Freitas, 2003;Linden & Lorient, 1994).3.2. Technological characteristics3.2.1. Specific volumeThe specific volume of the cakes ranged from 2.15 to 2.67 mL/gand the lowest value corresponded to Assay 7. This cake had thelowest concentration of HVF (12 g/100 g flour mixture) and an intermediateconcentration of WCF (15 g/100 g flour mixture). Thehighest value of specific volume corresponded to Assay 5 with noadded WCF (0 g/100 g flour) and an intermediate HVF concentration(16 g/100 g flour mixture).Equation (1) shows the model for the relationship betweenWCFand HVF in the interference on the cake specific volume. Theresponse surface (Fig. 1) showed that an increase in WCF concentrationfrom 0 to 30 g/100 g flour mixture contributed to a decreasein specific volume of the cakes. This result is due to the addition ofWCF that decreases the amount of gluten present in the formulation.The result also suggests that the incorporation of WCF couldinterfere in the formation and aggregation of fat around the airbubbles in the batter.In the traditional fat-sugar creaming method, the air is whippedinto the fat as finely distributed bubbles. Once a cream hasbeen formed, part of the flour is beaten in, followed by the egg andmilk, forming the batter. The rest of the flour is then added. Thisallows for the fat/air particles to be finely distributed through thebatter. The finer the distribution of the fat and air, the better thefinal cake volume and crumb structure become (Bennion &Bamford, 1997) and WCF could interfere in this fat/air bubbledistribution. Since WCF contains a high level of dietary fibre, itcould disturb the air distribution by exerting physical impairmenton batter.From the response surfaces shown in Fig. 1, it can be seen thatwith lower WCF levels (<15 g/100 g flour mixture), an increase infat content to levels above 16 g/100 g flour mixture seemed to
overcome this effect, since the cakes showed high specific volumes.
The increase in viscosity caused by the fat could help overcome the
effect of disruption on the fine bubble matrix. This meant that the
specific volume remained high with WCF concentrations in the
range from 0 to 15 g/100 g flour mixture and HVF concentrations in
the range from 16 to 20 g/100 g flour mixture. With higher WCF
levels (>15 g/100 g flour mixture), higher HVF levels (>16 g/100 g
flour mixture) did not overcome its negative effect on the specific
volume, giving values equivalent to those found at lowWCF (<15 g/
100 g flour mixture) and HVF (<16 g/100 g flour mixture) levels.
Possibly the highest WCF concentrations (>15 g/100 g flour
mixture) used would require an even greater amount of HVF than
those used in the present study, in order to maintain the specific
volume, or the addition and/or increase in other ingredients that
could help maintain the viscosity of the batter. In order to obtain a
minimum specific volume of approximately 2.5 mL/g, it is advisable
to work with WCF concentrations up to 15 g/100 g flour mixture
and HVF concentrations above 16 g/100 g flour. However, when a
nutritional assessment is made, the quantity of added HVF must be
evaluated.
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