The four proactive work behaviors were measured by taking items from Parker
and Collins’ (2010) measure on proactive work behavior. This measure included 13 items
(see Appendix D) reported on a five-point Likert-type scale (1=very infrequently to
5=very frequently). The four proactive behaviors had the following reliability: problem
prevention (α = .86), individual innovation (α = .85), voice (α = .90), and taking charge
(α = .95). These items were completed by the supervisor, and measured the perception the
supervisor had that a particular direct report would engage in these four proactive work
63behaviors. These thirteen items were completed for two to ten of their direct reports. In
this study, the proactive work behaviors were conceptualized as a correlated factor
model.