For the root ideas of government as of art and science, we must turn to Greece. Mr.Warde Fowler, in his “City State,” and Prof. Seeley, in his “Lectures on Political Science,” have brought out into clearness the essential distinction between the constitutions of the ancient world and of the modern. England and France of to-day are “nation-states,” Athens and Republican Rome were “city-states.” This means that in the old Greek world the city is the unit of government, and that its area is limited by the fact that all citizens are to take part immediately and in person in the duties of government, in the law court and the assembly, in the election of magistrates and the making of laws.* All citizens share and share alike in the privileges and burdens of the city to which they belong. “We along,” says Pericles, in the noble speech which Thucydides puts into his mouth as the justification of the Athenian constitution and character, “we alone consider the man who takes no interest in public affairs not as a harmless, but as a useless character.” Or if we turn to a sadder and more struggling generation at Athens, to the age of Demosthenes, when civic life is army and in oratory, is ousting the old idea of Pericles that every citizen is to be capable of every duty, we still find the same ideal of common service pressed home on the Athenians by their greatest orator”