Loyalty (LOYA): Customer loyalty is the ultimate dependent variable in the model
and is seen to be a proxy measure for profitability (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990).
Increasing customer loyalty secures future revenues and minimises the possibility of
defection if quality decreases. In addition, word-of-mouth from satisfied loyal
customers embellishes the firm’s overall reputation and reduces the cost of
attracting new customers (Anderson & Fornell, 2000).