The Plimsoll Mark (Load Lines) and American Shipping
The position of the load line was not fixed by regulation in the early years and there was considerable variation in how the line was marked on a ship's side. American vessels were loaded to a formula based on "inches per foot of depth of hold" (the method used in Britain prior to 1890) until 1917, when the U.S. Shipping Board required adherence to British Board of Trade standards based on a set of calculated freeboard tables.
Load line legislation was introduced in congress in 1920 and failed. Not until 1929 was the Load Line Act passed in the United States, more than a century after ship losses due to overloading became a recognized problem in the industry.
These are some of the factors which affect the allocation of the Plimsoll mark to a vessel.
Structural Strength - The deeper the draft of a ship (the amount of the ship that is underwater), the greater are the loads imposed on the ship's structure.
Compartmentalization - In the event of an accident (or casualty in marine terms), the amount of reserve bouyancy available will depend on how the hull is divided into separate watertight compartments. Compartmentalization is especially critical in the design and construction of passenger ships and special subdvision load lines are assigned for these vessels.
Deck Height - Platform height (the height of the weather deck above the waterline) is a measure of how the vessel may be affected by seas which sweep across the deck.
Transverse Stability - While freeboard does not directly determine the side-to-side stability of a ship, higher freeboard will allow a ship to roll further before submerging the deck.
Hull Form - Sheer describes the curve between bow and stern. A ship with high freeboard at the bows and stern compared to midships (where freeboard is measured) has more reserve bouancy.
Fullness - The underwater shape of a hull. A rectangular cross-section as on a tanker, is described as "full" and has less reserve bouyancy with the same freeboard than a more rounded hull like that of tugboat or liner.
Length - A long ship only a few feet of freeboard has less reserve bouyancy that a shorter ship with the same freeboard.
Type of Vessel and Cargo - Tankers and Lumber ships with bouyant cargoes require less freeboard than a passenger liner or containership.
Variable-
Season and Zone - Weather conditions normally encountered along a ship's trade route effects its seaworthiness. Ships sailing the North Atlantic in Winter are exposed to much more severe conditions than one sailing around the South Seas.
The Plimsoll Mark (Load Lines) and American Shipping The position of the load line was not fixed by regulation in the early years and there was considerable variation in how the line was marked on a ship's side. American vessels were loaded to a formula based on "inches per foot of depth of hold" (the method used in Britain prior to 1890) until 1917, when the U.S. Shipping Board required adherence to British Board of Trade standards based on a set of calculated freeboard tables. Load line legislation was introduced in congress in 1920 and failed. Not until 1929 was the Load Line Act passed in the United States, more than a century after ship losses due to overloading became a recognized problem in the industry.These are some of the factors which affect the allocation of the Plimsoll mark to a vessel.Structural Strength - The deeper the draft of a ship (the amount of the ship that is underwater), the greater are the loads imposed on the ship's structure. Compartmentalization - In the event of an accident (or casualty in marine terms), the amount of reserve bouyancy available will depend on how the hull is divided into separate watertight compartments. Compartmentalization is especially critical in the design and construction of passenger ships and special subdvision load lines are assigned for these vessels. Deck Height - Platform height (the height of the weather deck above the waterline) is a measure of how the vessel may be affected by seas which sweep across the deck.Transverse Stability - While freeboard does not directly determine the side-to-side stability of a ship, higher freeboard will allow a ship to roll further before submerging the deck. Hull Form - Sheer describes the curve between bow and stern. A ship with high freeboard at the bows and stern compared to midships (where freeboard is measured) has more reserve bouancy.Fullness - The underwater shape of a hull. A rectangular cross-section as on a tanker, is described as "full" and has less reserve bouyancy with the same freeboard than a more rounded hull like that of tugboat or liner. Length - A long ship only a few feet of freeboard has less reserve bouyancy that a shorter ship with the same freeboard. Type of Vessel and Cargo - Tankers and Lumber ships with bouyant cargoes require less freeboard than a passenger liner or containership. Variable-Season and Zone - Weather conditions normally encountered along a ship's trade route effects its seaworthiness. Ships sailing the North Atlantic in Winter are exposed to much more severe conditions than one sailing around the South Seas.
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