2.6. Bread quality
2.6.1. Bread making
Dough was produced in a bakery mixer model ALS 25 (Supremax, Brazil). Dry ingredients corresponding to 1 kg of (WF þ RS) mixture were homogenized for 1 min at low speed. Then water was gradually added and mixed during 2 min. After that, salt was added and ingredients were mixed at low speed for 1 min, followed by kneading at high speed for 12 min. Finally dough was left to rest for 15 min and cut into portions of 700 g that were placed into pans previously covered with oil. For each formulation, two pans were placed in the fermentation camera (Degania, Italy) at 32 C for 90 min. After this time, bread was baked in an electrical oven (Degania, Italy) at 180 C with lidded pans for 25 min and without the lids for further 5 min. Loaves were left to cool for at least 1 h before they were packed in plastic bags and stored at room temperature until analyses, which were performed the following day except for crumb firmness which was performed 2, 4 and 7 days after baking.