3.2.1. Class structure and classroom on-task behavior
As shown at the top left panel of Table 1, GEE analyses revealed a main effect of group: Children with ADHD displayed
statistically significantly less time on-task (p b .001) and shorter on-task span (p = .04) than controls. With respect to on-task behavior, there was a main effect of class structure, with greater time on-task during small group work compared to individual work (p b .001). There was also a significant interaction between ADHD group and class structure for time on-task, p = .03, with post-hocpaired comparisons showing that children with ADHD were significantly less on-task than controls during individual work, Mdiff = 8%; 95% CI [2, 14]; p = .007, and whole class group teaching, Mdiff = 10%; 95% CI [6, 15]; p b .001, but not during small group work, Mdiff = 2%; 95% CI [−3, 8]; p = .39. Although the interaction effect was not statistically significant for on-task span, this finding may be due to a lack of power with the sample size included. The top panels in Fig. 1 show mean values of and effect sizes for on-task variables as a function of group and class structures. Thus, the smaller effect size between groups during small group work as compared to whole group work and individual work suggests that similar effects for on-task span (top right side) as those for time on-task (top left side) may be present.
3.2.1. Class structure and classroom on-task behavior
As shown at the top left panel of Table 1, GEE analyses revealed a main effect of group: Children with ADHD displayed
statistically significantly less time on-task (p b .001) and shorter on-task span (p = .04) than controls. With respect to on-task behavior, there was a main effect of class structure, with greater time on-task during small group work compared to individual work (p b .001). There was also a significant interaction between ADHD group and class structure for time on-task, p = .03, with post-hocpaired comparisons showing that children with ADHD were significantly less on-task than controls during individual work, Mdiff = 8%; 95% CI [2, 14]; p = .007, and whole class group teaching, Mdiff = 10%; 95% CI [6, 15]; p b .001, but not during small group work, Mdiff = 2%; 95% CI [−3, 8]; p = .39. Although the interaction effect was not statistically significant for on-task span, this finding may be due to a lack of power with the sample size included. The top panels in Fig. 1 show mean values of and effect sizes for on-task variables as a function of group and class structures. Thus, the smaller effect size between groups during small group work as compared to whole group work and individual work suggests that similar effects for on-task span (top right side) as those for time on-task (top left side) may be present.
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