LABOUR MARKET STRUCTURE
Labour markets are structured into segments up of jobs of different kinds with different levels made reward, and separated by barriers that limit mobility between segments. A number of labour-market disaggregations have been proposed, but a classification of direct relevance to the Third World urban economy identifies the following categones:
1. Protected wage-work in which contracts and legal constraints operate and jobs are protected from market forces by restrictions on entry.
2. Competitive regular wage-work in which entry is relatively open and market forces operate but employment is nevertheless continuous and perhaps subject to contract.
3. Unprotected wage labour, a heterogeneous category that includes much casual labour, domestic service and wage workers in petty trade, and is characterised by insecurity and/or irregularity. Various forms of disguised wage labour are also included (Figure 24.2).
4. Self-employment and family labour engaged in small-scale production.
5. Marginal activities. which range from peripheral low-productivity work, such as shoe-shining and hawking, to semi-legal and illegal activities.
Each mode of production distributes the labour force across these categories and in doing so con. tributes to socio-spatial variations in and poverty affluence.