Winemaking or vinification is an ancient and traditional technological
process that involves an almost perfect combination of
biochemical and microbiological reactions. This process typically
requires two fermentation stages: i) alcoholic fermentation (AF)
performed by yeasts and ii) malolactic fermentation (MLF) conducted
by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mainly Oenococcus oeni species.
This last step has been considered relevant and non-avoidable for
red wines, because produces a decrease in total wine acidity, enhances
organoleptic properties and improves microbiological stability