vasculitides
• ANCA-negative vasculitides
• Atheroemboli
• Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
• Renal vein thrombosis
Primary glomerular diseases include the following:
• Membranous nephropathy
• Alport syndrome
• Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy
• Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
• Minimal change disease
• Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
• Complement-related diseases (eg, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS], dense deposit disease)
• Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
Secondary causes of glomerular disease include the following:
• Diabetes mellitus
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Scleroderma
• Wegener granulomatosis
• Mixed cryoglobulinemia
• Endocarditis
• Hepatitis B and C
• Syphilis
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Parasitic infection
• Heroin use
• Gold
• Penicillamine
• Amyloidosis
• Light-chain deposition disease
• Neoplasia
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
• Shiga-toxin or Streptococcus pneumoniae – related HUS
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Reflux nephropathy
Causes of tubulointerstitial disease include the following:
• Drugs (eg, sulfonamides, allopurinol)
• Infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic)
• Sjögren syndrome
• Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome
• Chronic hypokalemia
• Chronic hypercalcemia
• Sarcoidosis
• Multiple myeloma cast nephropathy
• Heavy metals
• Radiation nephritis
• Polycystic kidneys
• Cystinosis and other inherited diseases
Urinary tract obstruction may result from any of the following:
• Benign prostatic hypertrophy
• Urolithiasis (kidney stones)
• Urethral stricture
• Tumors
• Neurogenic bladder
• Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis