when controlling for fluid and crystallized intelligence, short-term memory,
and processing speed. As hypothesized, structural equation modeling comparing elementary
school students and middle and high school students revealed that long-term
retrieval skills became a better predictor of both mathematics calculation and mathematics
problem solving as age and grade increased. Future research should focus on the
effectiveness of interventions to improve long-term retrieval skills in general, and
arithmetic facts retrieval and problem solving procedures in particular, at all grades,
including high school.
when controlling for fluid and crystallized intelligence, short-term memory,and processing speed. As hypothesized, structural equation modeling comparing elementaryschool students and middle and high school students revealed that long-termretrieval skills became a better predictor of both mathematics calculation and mathematicsproblem solving as age and grade increased. Future research should focus on theeffectiveness of interventions to improve long-term retrieval skills in general, andarithmetic facts retrieval and problem solving procedures in particular, at all grades,including high school.
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