Lipid extraction yield was increased 2.5-fold in comparison with that from untreated algal biomass (dashed line). The result of batch 2 suggests that continuing to increase FNA concentration and pretreatment time does not significantly improve lipid extraction; 24.4 ± 0.3% (wt% of dried algal
biomass) is approaching the lipid content of algal biomass of batch 2. It is worth noting that there is a challenge in optimising pretreatment time with extended times resulting in improved yields but potentially limiting throughput at industrial scale.