Costs of violence against women are widespread throughout society. Every
recognizable effect of violence has a cost whether it is direct or indirect. Direct costs
come from the use of goods and services for which a monetary exchange is made. Direct
costs exist for capital, labour and material inputs. Indirect costs stem from effects of
violence against women that have an imputed monetary value even though they do not
involve an actual monetary exchange, such as lost income or reduced profits. Effects of
violence against women also include intangible costs such as premature death, and pain
and suffering for which there is no imputed monetary value in the economy. Costs can
also be borne in the short-run or the long-run.