For individuals with diabetes mellitus, depression has been specifically linked to prognostic variables such as micro- and macrovascular complications.[16] Depression has been found to increase all-cause mortality even in the context of good glucose control.[17] Although cohort studies document that depression is associated with greater risk of death in persons with diabetes mellitus,[18-21] a previous report has been the only study to show that persons with diabetes mellitus and depression are half as likely to die over 5 years of follow-up in intervention practices as those in usual care.[22] This exploratory analysis found evidence of a statistically significant intervention effect on mortality in persons with major depression, with trend toward an intervention effect for other conditions, except heart disease.
Few depression intervention studies of chronically ill individuals report mortality outcomes. For example, antidepressant treatment of individuals with chronic pulmonary disease and depression was associated with lower overall mortality after 2 years, although the study used claims data for depression diagnosis and did not randomized participants to antidepressants.[23] Cancer progression does not seem to be related to depression, although depression increases the risk of death in persons with cancer.[24]
Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD), Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial, and Myocardial INfarction and Depression—Intervention Trial did not find a benefit for the intervention on mortality for participants with heart disease, similar to the current findings. For all three of these trials, there was no difference in the primary medical end-point between the intervention and control arms. In ENRICHD, the largest of the three studies, enrolling 2,481 participants, 1,839 with depression, investigators found that taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality,[25] as was participation in group plus individual therapy,[26] but these secondary analyses ignored randomization. In an observational cohort from Veterans Health Administration records of 4,037 individuals with depression after incident myocardial infarction, it was that participants who did not have 12 weeks or more of continuous antidepressant treatment at adequate doses were three times as likely to die as were persons who received adequate treatment.[27] The study did not include clinical assessments of depression and did not randomize participants to treatment. Individuals who began adequate treatment may have differed from those who completed treatment in important factors that may be related to mortality.
For individuals with diabetes mellitus, depression has been specifically linked to prognostic variables such as micro- and macrovascular complications.[16] Depression has been found to increase all-cause mortality even in the context of good glucose control.[17] Although cohort studies document that depression is associated with greater risk of death in persons with diabetes mellitus,[18-21] a previous report has been the only study to show that persons with diabetes mellitus and depression are half as likely to die over 5 years of follow-up in intervention practices as those in usual care.[22] This exploratory analysis found evidence of a statistically significant intervention effect on mortality in persons with major depression, with trend toward an intervention effect for other conditions, except heart disease.Few depression intervention studies of chronically ill individuals report mortality outcomes. For example, antidepressant treatment of individuals with chronic pulmonary disease and depression was associated with lower overall mortality after 2 years, although the study used claims data for depression diagnosis and did not randomized participants to antidepressants.[23] Cancer progression does not seem to be related to depression, although depression increases the risk of death in persons with cancer.[24]Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD), Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial, and Myocardial INfarction and Depression—Intervention Trial did not find a benefit for the intervention on mortality for participants with heart disease, similar to the current findings. For all three of these trials, there was no difference in the primary medical end-point between the intervention and control arms. In ENRICHD, the largest of the three studies, enrolling 2,481 participants, 1,839 with depression, investigators found that taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality,[25] as was participation in group plus individual therapy,[26] but these secondary analyses ignored randomization. In an observational cohort from Veterans Health Administration records of 4,037 individuals with depression after incident myocardial infarction, it was that participants who did not have 12 weeks or more of continuous antidepressant treatment at adequate doses were three times as likely to die as were persons who received adequate treatment.[27] The study did not include clinical assessments of depression and did not randomize participants to treatment. Individuals who began adequate treatment may have differed from those who completed treatment in important factors that may be related to mortality.
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