Ethnographic accounts from anthropologic studies suggest that there is muchevidence of intergenerational solidarity in non-industrial societies. Sentiments ofaffection and obligation as well as expectations of economic benefits are reinforced by cultural values, religious beliefs, and negative sanctions at the macro-level. When theinformal contract between the generations fails, it is not due to a decline inintergenerational solidarity. Instead, Foner (1993) argues that the neglect of incapacitatedelders may be seen as a “fulfillment” of the contract and a tacit understanding betweenthe generations as elders themselves may also request death-hastening treatment.From this perspective, the harsh conditions faced by the elderly in developingnations are related to five factors. Childlessness is considered a terrible misfortune innonindustrial societies. Childless elders are left to rely on distant kin, with whom weakerbonds are shared due to the provision of fewer resources and exchanges from the oldergeneration to elicit a strong sense of obligation from the younger generation. Even amongthose with children, “defacto childlessness” may also occur due to younger generationsmigrating to urban areas to work in an increasingly modernizing society. Times of limitedresources induce a cost/contribution balance between the generations. Environmentalfactors, such as drought and famine as well as the struggle of adult children to care fortheir ageing parents in addition to their own children contribute to the lessened flow ofresources to the older generation. The mobility demands of herding and horticulturalsocieties also influence the abandonment of frail elders. Cultural and religious beliefsalso influence the treatment of elders.
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