The panel summarized the perspectives derived from the con-ference speakers concerning the type of immunological activity that a vaccine likely would need to stimulate to prevent sustainedMtb infection. A successful vaccine likely would need to induceregional tissue immunity, particularly in the lung; lead to a rapidresponse to repeated low-level challenge from inhaled environ-mental Mtb organisms; induce both antibodies and conventionalT-cells; and induce unconventional T-cell responses.