“John Howard” observed, organization perceptions involve only part of the environment, (and) these perceptions may be biased even before they experience the modifying action of the organization and that of the executives’ frame of reference.
Programs are sets of responses called forth by various types and configurations of external forces, or stimuli.
The programs offer routine solutions to common problems and thereby provide control without paralyzing the organization with issues that rise unnecessarily to the top for solutions.