resistance, decreased volume loss and reduced heat build-up for
rubber vulcanizates [1,2]. However, the nature of the numerous
hydroxyl groups on the SiO2 surface makes SiO2 particles difficult to
finely disperse into the rubbery matrix [3] and results in a low efficiency
of SiO2 particles in improving the mechanical properties of
the rubber products. Additionally, the drawbacks of using SiO2
include the long processing time and high energy consumption due
to the aggregation of SiO2 particles and the environmental pollution
caused during their processing, such as the dispersion of SiO2
powder into air which leads to respiratory diseases