In a 3-month subchronic toxicity study of GSE using the
same product used in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus
assay, there were no treatment-related changes in
any organs including the kidneys in rats fed a diet containing
2.5% GSE, and in the same study, the parotid
gland was not evaluated histopathologically (Bentivegna
and Whitney, 2002). In this latter study, the no observed
adverse effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 2.5%
(1.78 g/kg body weight/day for males and 2.15 g/kg body
weight/day for females).