Theoretical Framework
The theory of planned behavior is a theory about the link between attitudes and
behavior. It was proposed by Ajzen as an extension of the theory of reasoned action. It
is one of the most predictive persuasion theories. It has been applied to studies of the
relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioral intentions and behaviors in various fields
such as advertising, public relations, advertising campaigns, healthcare, etc.
In addition to attitudes and subjective norms (which make the Theory of Reasoned
Action), the Theory of Planned Behavior adds the concept of perceived behavioral
control, which originates from Self Efficacy Theory (SET). Self-efficacy was proposed
by Bandura in 1977, which came from Social Cognitive theory. Bandura (1986) separated
expectations into two distinct types: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. He defined self-efficacy as the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes. The outcome expectancy refers to a person’s estimation that a given behavior will lead to certain
outcomes. He states that self-efficacy is the most important precondition for behavioral change, since it determines the initiation of coping behavior. Clearly, theory of planned behavior can cover people's volitional behavior which cannot be explained by Theory of Reasoned Action. An individual's behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual’s control over the behavior is incomplete. By adding "perceived behavioral control," theory of
planned behavior can explain relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior.
In addition, theory of planned behavior as well as theory of reasoned action can explain the individual' social behavior by considering "social norm" as an important variable (Hidayat, 2008). The theory of planned behavior will provide the necessary theoretical framework. In this case, an intention represents teenager’s smoking intention. Meaning to say, the researcher is just concerned and
focus on the intention not to cover until the behavior. An attitude toward behavior represents
the attitude toward smoking behavior; a subjective norm represents a peer’s influence;
and perceived behavioral control represents attitude toward cigarette advertising. From the understanding of some related theories and the findings from previous researchers, the writer tries to visualize the conceptual model for the effect of peers influence (X1), attitude towards cigarette advertising (X2), attitude towards smoking behavior (X3), and teenagers’ smoking intention (Y).The following is the conceptual framework that describes the role of those three independent variables on the dependent variable which in this case, smoking intention: The following figure is the conceptual framework of peers influence, attitude towards cigarette advertising, and attitude towards smoking behavior on teenagers’ smoking intention.