This study can illustrate overall pictures for both soil management and environmental sustainability. For
soil management, bulk density, one of soil physical properties, affects TC:N for field crop soils. Hence,
appropriate tillage practice should improve soil polarity. Many agricultural soils have lost 30-50% of their
original SOC pool. However, management practice could recapture those SOC lost, like the study of [11] in
pastures at the Northeast USA. In contrast, OC:N in horticulture soil is influenced by their clay and moisture
contents. According to [12], finer-textured soils, like clay, had greater SOC. This is positive related to SOC
at both global and landscape scale [13]. Usually, clay is the soil properties affected by their soil parent
materials. The way to enhance should focus on water maintained in soil. These should consider the pH factor
for cropping system since it also affects TC:N. However, the values of C:N ratio in each cropping system is
important for practical farming by adding organic materials to decrease (immobilization) or an increase
(release) soil nitrogen [14]. Soil management, itself, also affects carbon and nitrogen distribution in soil and
further soil resource sustainability [15], [16].