Nasal administration of L. lactis improves local and systemic immune responses against S. pneumoniae with reduced nasal colonization, increased clearance rate of S. pneumoniae from lungs, reduced dissemination of pneumococci into blood and reduced damage to respiratory tissues, which is also related to the up-regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in both local and systemic compartments as well as different cytokine responses . These responses increase the pulmonary lymphocyte population, anti-pneumococcal IgA and IgG in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum, and phagocyte activation in lungs, blood and bone marrow . Increasing resistance to pneumococcal respiratory infection was shown in both normal and malnourished mice fed with L. casei . However, the ability to induce these responses is varied among LAB species. Thus, different LAB strains are evaluated as vaccines or vaccine vectors delivering pneumococcal antigens against S. pneumoniae