Although the incorporation of Ce3þ and Mn2þ in the membrane
is effective in reducing the chemical degradation rates of the PFSA
membrane in PEFCs, it was reported that there is a tradeoff between
durability and cell performance; the more cation loadings,
the lower the cell voltage. The performance losses are not dominated
by increasing cell resistance at the high cation loadings [3].
Studies show that the majority of observed losses in MEAs are