There are several tools that can be used to measure
anxiety, such as The Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety
(HAM-A), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Brief
Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the HADS. The HADS was
created expressly for gauging depression and anxiety in
medical patients. It excludes physical symptoms including
insomnia and fatigue, as they can also be attributed to other
illnesses, and focuses specifically on affective symptoms. This
tool is a self-report questionnaire and includes 14 items to be
assessed, with higher scores signifying more excessive levels
of depression and anxiety. According to Lee et al. (2007),