9. sophism การให้เหตุผลอย่างฉลาด
A sophism is a bad argument presented as
if it were a good one to deceive, mislead, or cheat
someone; sophistry is the practice of doing this.
In Ancient Greece, the sophists were itinerant
teachers of the fourth and fifth centuries B.C.,
some of whom, such as Protagoras and Gorgias,
Socrates criticized vigorously. His negative view
was based on the empiricism, relativism, and
skepticism of their teachings; on the fact that they
took a fee; and on the fact that they taught argument
for the sake of persuasion and manipulation
of others, rather than for the pursuit of truth.