The most severe form of infection is urosepsis, which can be defined as systematic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS) in reaction to a progressing infection in the urinary tract . Severe sepsis is diagnosed
when sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction , while in septic shock the above symptoms
are so advanced that catecholamine treatment is necessary to maintain normal blood pressure . Refractory
septic shock is diagnosed when the state of the patient does not improve in spite of more than 1 h of
fluid therapy and pharmacological intervention . Urosepsis comprises circa 25% of all sepsis cases. It is usually less severe than sepsis originating from other organs. In circa 5% of cases it progresses to
severe sepsis with a mortality rate of 20% - 42% . The urological pathologies that are most commonly
associated with cases of urosepsis in the literature are obstructive diseases of the urinary tract complicated by
infection , the cause of which is primarily attributed to nephrolithiasis , before tumours originating
in the urinary tract and pregnancy . Approximately 17% of all urosepsis cases develop after urological
interventions . The incidence of urosepsis in pregnant women is circa 5% . The most common etiological
factors for urosepsis are Gram-negative bacteria Enterobacteriaceae, although Pseudomonas spp., Grampositive
bacteria and less frequent fungi may also play a role .