Hence, the importance of incorporating design criteria to minimize
emissions in the construction of concrete structures. To this end, databases
measuring the materials-environmental impact have been elaborated
[12–14]. These databases have been used by Paya-Zaforteza et al.
[15] and Yepes et al. [16] to conduct studies comparing optimization designs
based on the CO2-efficiency and the cost-design for reinforced
concrete (RC) building frames and walls. Camp and Assadollahi [17]
and Camp and Huq [18] have optimized the CO2 and the structural
cost of RC footings and frames, respectively. Park et al. [19] suggested
an optimization technique for steel reinforced concrete columns in
high-rise buildings that simultaneously considers the structural
cost and CO2 emissions at the structural design phase. Yeo and Potra