In summary, we have demonstrated that aqueous graphene dispersions can be readily formed by controlled chemical conversion of GO colloids without the need for either polymeric or surfactant stabilizers. Chemically converted graphene can now be viewed as a special water-soluble conducting macromolecule that can be simply obtained from graphite. Graphene sheets should be superior to normal synthetic conducting polymers in terms of thermal and chemical stability and mechanical strength, and more competitive than carbon nanotubes in terms of production cost. Furthermore, as shown with carbon nanotubes18–20 , the successful dissolution of graphene sheets in solution as well as the residual carboxylic groups on the sheets enables the use of solution-phase chemistry to further modify graphene sheets for achieving new functionalities. The dispersant-free feature offers a great deal of flexibility in the creation of novel graphene-based nanocomposites with many other molecules and nanostructures. The ease of synthesis and the exceptional solution-phase processability of CCG sheets make this inexpensive and conductive