.40 For example, Early Head Start, a comprehensive two-generational program for children under age 3 and their families, has been shown to promote cognitive, language, and social and emotional development.41 The success of Early Head Start illustrates that high-quality services for infants and toddlers—far too rare in the United States today—have a long-lasting and positive impact on children’s development, learning abilities, and capacity to regulate their emotions.42 Although high-quality preschool programs benefit children (particularly low-income children) more than mediocre or poor programs do,43 fewer children living in poverty get to attend high-quality preschool programs than do children from higherincome households.44 Findings on the impact of teaching quality in the early grades show a similar pattern.45 In addition to this relationship of overall program and school quality to later school success, research has identified a number of specific predictors of later achievement. Some of these predictors lie in language/literacy and mathematics; others are dimensions of social and emotional competence and cognitive functioning related to how children fare in school.