Parents from Spain often consider authoritarian teachers to be necessary in their children’s education. Thus, pathogenic teachers are still accepted and considered legitimate by society.
The differences in teacher ideology can also occur in the same cultural background. Willoer, Eidell, and Hoy(1967) developed the construct of pupil control ideology, conceptualized as a continuum from a highly custodia l approach to a
highly humanis tic pupil control ideology. The custodial approach is the traditional school model that provides a rigid and controlled setting by emphasizing the maintenance of order. Pupils are considered to be irresponsible and undisciplined,
teacher–pupil relationships are impersonal and pessimism and mistrust prevails. The humanistic approach stresses the importance of pupils and the creation of an atmosphere that meets students’ needs and leads to a democratic orientation between pupils and teachers. In this model, relationships with students are personal, teachers are optimistic and maintain open channels for communication.