Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in
the United States [1], accounting for approximately 440,000
deaths each year [1,2]. Even though the prevalence of cigarette
use among American adolescents has declined in
recent years, the rate of decline is slowing appreciably [3].
Although most research on the etiology of smoking has
focused on initiation and experimentation [4], it is regular or
daily smoking that predicts increased health risk. The health
and economic costs associated with smoking can be reduced
by preventive interventions targeting factors that affect the
development of daily smoking. This article focuses on family
predictors of the initiation of daily smoking during
adolescence.
Research has identified the important role played by
family influences on development in general [5– 8], and on
smoking behavior in particular [9]. However, important
gaps in our knowledge remain. Most of the research on
family influences on smoking has focused on onset and
experimentation rather than on predicting higher levels of
tobacco use. In their recent review of 87 studies assessing
the association between parent and sibling smoking behaviors
and adolescent smoking, Avenevoli and Merikangas [9]
note that experimentation and initiation of use were by far the most commonly assessed levels of tobacco use. Less is
known about the role family factors play in predicting the
escalation to daily smoking in late childhood and adolescence
[10]. Further, as the reviews by Mayhew et al. [4] and
Avenevoli and Merikangas [9] note, most of the research on
family influences on smoking focus on parent and sibling
smoking. Few prospective longitudinal studies have examined
how other familial influences, such as parenting practices
or family conflict, may shape the onset of daily smoking
independently. It is important to learn what family
factors influence the initiation of daily smoking and the
degree to which these influences change over adolescent
development. Such information could inform the development
of effective smoking prevention programs that address
family influences.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death inthe United States [1], accounting for approximately 440,000deaths each year [1,2]. Even though the prevalence of cigaretteuse among American adolescents has declined inrecent years, the rate of decline is slowing appreciably [3].Although most research on the etiology of smoking hasfocused on initiation and experimentation [4], it is regular ordaily smoking that predicts increased health risk. The healthand economic costs associated with smoking can be reducedby preventive interventions targeting factors that affect thedevelopment of daily smoking. This article focuses on familypredictors of the initiation of daily smoking duringadolescence.Research has identified the important role played byfamily influences on development in general [5– 8], and onsmoking behavior in particular [9]. However, importantgaps in our knowledge remain. Most of the research onfamily influences on smoking has focused on onset andexperimentation rather than on predicting higher levels oftobacco use. In their recent review of 87 studies assessingthe association between parent and sibling smoking behaviorsand adolescent smoking, Avenevoli and Merikangas [9]note that experimentation and initiation of use were by far the most commonly assessed levels of tobacco use. Less isknown about the role family factors play in predicting theescalation to daily smoking in late childhood and adolescence[10] การต่อ เป็นรีวิวโดย Mayhew et al. [4] และAvenevoli และ Merikangas [9] หมายเหตุ ส่วนใหญ่ของการวิจัยในอิทธิพลครอบครัวในหนังสือเน้นหลักและพี่น้องสูบบุหรี่ ศึกษาระยะยาวมีแนวโน้มไม่มีการตรวจสอบอิทธิพลวิธีอื่น ๆ ภาวะ เช่นปฏิบัติการเป็นตัวหลักหรือความขัดแย้งครอบครัว อาจรูปร่างของบุหรี่ทุกวันอย่างอิสระ จำเป็นต้องเรียนรู้ครอบครัวใดปัจจัยที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการเริ่มต้นของการสูบบุหรี่ทุกวันและปริญญาซึ่งอิทธิพลเหล่านี้เปลี่ยนแปลงวัยรุ่นการพัฒนา ข้อมูลดังกล่าวสามารถแจ้งการพัฒนาของโปรแกรมป้องกันการสูบบุหรี่ที่อยู่มีประสิทธิภาพครอบครัวที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการ
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