The failure to detect diseases like BRDc in cattle in the field utilizing
current protocols for diagnosis are likely impeded by predator-
prey behavior (Duff and Galyean, 2007). Often, animals
perceive handling personnel as predators (Noffsinger and Locatelli,
2004), and cattle are highly motivated to mask behavioral signs of
weakness, such as illness. The development of automated systems
to quantitatively measure and detect BRDc based on febrile responses
to infection with technology such as IRT could be critical
to early disease detection and treatment in the future. It will be
important, however, to account for environmental influences such
as wind speed and solar loading when implementing early disease
detection systems, especially if they are based on emitted infrared
radiation. These effects could be minimized through the use of
shelters or screens. Before these emerging technologies are implemented,
environmental conditions that can negatively influence
temperature outcomes must be accounted for, and with innovation
in both hardware and software and proper environmental monitoring,
such conditions could be factored in and compensated for
automatically. In addition, researchers using infrared thermography
as an alternative assessment tool in a myriad of veterinary
applications in the field, such as welfare castration studies, should
be fully cognizant of the environmental limitations and the potential
for error due to distance, wind speed, and solar loading. These
environmental factors need to be controlled in the design of future
experiments and should be fully accounted for in the methods
sections when reporting future research results. Finally, new methodology
for measuring the emissivity of cattle skin and hair is required,
as the procedure promoted by the camera manufacturer
does not appear to work on live animals in a field setting. Accurate
emissivity of cattle skin and hair is necessary in order to obtain valid
temperature measurements from cattle using IRT in the field.
The failure to detect diseases like BRDc in cattle in the field utilizing
current protocols for diagnosis are likely impeded by predator-
prey behavior (Duff and Galyean, 2007). Often, animals
perceive handling personnel as predators (Noffsinger and Locatelli,
2004), and cattle are highly motivated to mask behavioral signs of
weakness, such as illness. The development of automated systems
to quantitatively measure and detect BRDc based on febrile responses
to infection with technology such as IRT could be critical
to early disease detection and treatment in the future. It will be
important, however, to account for environmental influences such
as wind speed and solar loading when implementing early disease
detection systems, especially if they are based on emitted infrared
radiation. These effects could be minimized through the use of
shelters or screens. Before these emerging technologies are implemented,
environmental conditions that can negatively influence
temperature outcomes must be accounted for, and with innovation
in both hardware and software and proper environmental monitoring,
such conditions could be factored in and compensated for
automatically. In addition, researchers using infrared thermography
as an alternative assessment tool in a myriad of veterinary
applications in the field, such as welfare castration studies, should
be fully cognizant of the environmental limitations and the potential
for error due to distance, wind speed, and solar loading. These
environmental factors need to be controlled in the design of future
experiments and should be fully accounted for in the methods
sections when reporting future research results. Finally, new methodology
for measuring the emissivity of cattle skin and hair is required,
as the procedure promoted by the camera manufacturer
does not appear to work on live animals in a field setting. Accurate
emissivity of cattle skin and hair is necessary in order to obtain valid
temperature measurements from cattle using IRT in the field.
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