The three recent studies listed above all agreed on two crucial and controversial issues: 1) Hesperiidae and Hedylidae are sister taxa; and 2) Papilionoidea are non-monophyletic. In the following we will base our discussion on the Mutanen et al. (2010) and Heikkilä et al. (2012) result where Rhopalocera is monophyletic,but Papilionidae are the sister group of (Hesperi-
idaeþHedylidae)þnon-papilionid Papilionoidea. The morpho-logical dataset Heikkilä et al. (2012) was traced on the phylogeny
using Mesquite (Maddison and Maddison, 2011).