FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHERS’ USE OF ICT
327
o integrator, who manipulates the ILS sequence so that it better matches the classroom instruction; o extender, who has fully integrated the ILS into classroom curricula. This model may be helpful in looking at the integration of other forms of educational software into the curriculum. Goodwyn et al (1997) found that the majority of student teachers and about half of serving teachers of English in the UK now welcome ICT in English and see it as central to the literacy of all pupils. Willis (1996) argued that this integration of computers into the classrooms is a complex process that involves personal, group, organisational, institutional and even cultural change. The study by Goodwyn et al involved following and interviewing a group of 20 English student teachers and qualified English teachers. It was found that the teachers could be grouped into three distinct categories: ‘the fearful’ represent those usually older teachers for whom ICT is generally a threat and the cause of much anxiety. As a percentage they might represent approximately 16% of all English teachers. The second group, ‘the unresolved’ represent 32% of English teachers: those who are changing and redefining their concept of literacy but who have strong mixed feelings. In the third group are ‘the optimists’ who can be categorised as pro ICT. They would represent 50% of English teachers, and believe that ICT can significantly enhance English teaching. Pedretti et al (1999) conducted a qualitative case study of the professional development of two teachers involved in a collaborative effort to advance technology implementation in high school science classrooms. The TESSI (Technology Enhanced Secondary Science Instruction) project involved researchers observing classroom teaching and learning episodes, conducting student questionnaires and interviewing the teachers about technology adoption and integration, instructional strategies and pedagogical beliefs. The TESSI project originated with two classroom science and physics teachers from different schools in the same district. Researchers joined the project to contribute to and extend the exploration of the evolving technological classrooms. Central to the process of change was the group’s belief that technology should not be regarded as a substitute for teachers, but rather as a means of enhancing and transforming instructional practice. The teachers integrated technologies incrementally into their programmes, courses and curricula. Time previously spent on teacher talk was gradually replaced with practices that promoted student use of a range of multimedia technologies including: (a) software-generated simulations to develop and extend understanding of science concepts; (b) laserdiscs and videos; (c) computer-interfaced probes/sensors in laboratory situations to collect data; (d) computer applications to process and analyse lab data; (e) presentation software to present information; (f) interactive testing programs to assess learning; and (g) software for recording marks. Each new addition of multimedia technology required negotiation, collaborative decision making and curriculum adaptation. Pedretti et al
FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHERS’ USE OF ICT
327
o integrator, who manipulates the ILS sequence so that it better matches the classroom instruction; o extender, who has fully integrated the ILS into classroom curricula. This model may be helpful in looking at the integration of other forms of educational software into the curriculum. Goodwyn et al (1997) found that the majority of student teachers and about half of serving teachers of English in the UK now welcome ICT in English and see it as central to the literacy of all pupils. Willis (1996) argued that this integration of computers into the classrooms is a complex process that involves personal, group, organisational, institutional and even cultural change. The study by Goodwyn et al involved following and interviewing a group of 20 English student teachers and qualified English teachers. It was found that the teachers could be grouped into three distinct categories: ‘the fearful’ represent those usually older teachers for whom ICT is generally a threat and the cause of much anxiety. As a percentage they might represent approximately 16% of all English teachers. The second group, ‘the unresolved’ represent 32% of English teachers: those who are changing and redefining their concept of literacy but who have strong mixed feelings. In the third group are ‘the optimists’ who can be categorised as pro ICT. They would represent 50% of English teachers, and believe that ICT can significantly enhance English teaching. Pedretti et al (1999) conducted a qualitative case study of the professional development of two teachers involved in a collaborative effort to advance technology implementation in high school science classrooms. The TESSI (Technology Enhanced Secondary Science Instruction) project involved researchers observing classroom teaching and learning episodes, conducting student questionnaires and interviewing the teachers about technology adoption and integration, instructional strategies and pedagogical beliefs. The TESSI project originated with two classroom science and physics teachers from different schools in the same district. Researchers joined the project to contribute to and extend the exploration of the evolving technological classrooms. Central to the process of change was the group’s belief that technology should not be regarded as a substitute for teachers, but rather as a means of enhancing and transforming instructional practice. The teachers integrated technologies incrementally into their programmes, courses and curricula. Time previously spent on teacher talk was gradually replaced with practices that promoted student use of a range of multimedia technologies including: (a) software-generated simulations to develop and extend understanding of science concepts; (b) laserdiscs and videos; (c) computer-interfaced probes/sensors in laboratory situations to collect data; (d) computer applications to process and analyse lab data; (e) presentation software to present information; (f) interactive testing programs to assess learning; and (g) software for recording marks. Each new addition of multimedia technology required negotiation, collaborative decision making and curriculum adaptation. Pedretti et al
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