The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2001) in America classifies CAM
into five categories: (i) alternative medical systems (traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Ayurveda); (ii)
mind-body interventions (meditation, prayer, healing or support groups); (iii) biologically based therapies
(herbs, dietary supplements or vitamins); (iv) manipulation and body-based methods (massage,
chiropractic or osteopathy); and (v) energy therapies (qigong and reiki). For the purpose of this study, the
same measurement tool and same definition of CAM as mentioned in the above discussion will be
employed.