Finally, working from Hood’s classic work (1986), Lascoumes and Le Galès (2004) have suggested a typology of policy instruments (Table 10.1).
Classic instruments are taxes and laws and relate more clearly to the classic conception of representative democracy. By contrast, the three last categories of instrument in Table 10.1 represent what is commonly associated with the rise of ‘new’ policy instruments. They have in common the fact that they offer less interventionist forms of public regulation, taking into account the recurrent criticisms directed at instruments of the ‘command and control’ type.