Specific factors examined included maternal and fetal characteristics in each group, time and course of resolution and rate of persistent injury. Records were reviewed from a two-year period at LosAngeles County/University of Southern California Women’’s Hospital identifying all cases of brachial plexus injury in a vertex-presenting fetus. Maternal charts were reviewed for antepartum and intrapartum risk factors. Neonatal, orthopedic, and physical therapy charts were reviewed to determine the extent of brachial plexus injury and the course of injury.