During retrieval, the 200 stimuli presented during the encoding phase were randomly intermixed with 100 new words (lures), for a total of 300 test stimuli (Fig. 1). The test stimuli were presented in 6 test sessions of 50 stimuli each. Before each stimulus presentation, a fixation cross appeared in the middle of the screen for 1,000 ms, during which subjects were instructed not to blink, so as to minimize ocular artifacts in the EEG. The retrieval probe then appeared on the screen for 1,500 ms, during which time the subject viewed the stimuli but was not yet cued to respond (Fig. 1). Subjects were also instructed not to blink while each stimulus was on the screen. After the 1,500-ms probe, subjects were asked first to make an item-recognition judgment followed by a source-recognition judgment; each of these responses was subject-paced and therefore provided a variable temporal jittering of each subsequent stimulus's presentation.