(1) the bulbo-spinal pathway,
responsible for promoting the rhythmic respiratory pattern;
(2) the cortico-bulbar-spinal pathway, which is involved,
through its connection with the limbic system, in
the modulation of respiration by emotion; and
(3) the upper
cortical pathways, which regulate respiration according
to the synergic activation of other cerebral areas, such
as speech or singing, for example