The ANOVA results (Table 3) indicate that the mean salience of the four dining dimensions was not significantly different, whereas the mean valence differed significantly different at a 0.01 alpha or a 99% confidence level. Following the descriptive results in Table 3, the valence values of ambience and food quality were positive, with values of approximately 0.2, whereas the valence values of price fairness and service appeared in the negative zone at − 0.05 and − 0.23, respectively.