Increased efflux. Bacterial efflux pumps actively trans- port many antibiotics out of the cell and are major con- tributors to the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to many of the drugs that can be used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. When overexpressed, efflux pumps can also confer high levels of resistance to previously clinically useful antibiotics. Some efflux pumps have narrow substrate specificity (for exam- ple, the Tet pumps), but many transport a wide range of structurally dissimilar substrates and are known as multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps.
There are well-studied examples of MDR efflux pumps that are present in all bacteria, and new pumps that export antibiotics continue to be described. In the past 2 years, these have included MdeA in Streptococcus mutans, FuaABC in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, KexD in K. pneumoniae and LmrS in S. aureus30–33.
Increased efflux. Bacterial efflux pumps actively trans- port many antibiotics out of the cell and are major con- tributors to the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to many of the drugs that can be used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. When overexpressed, efflux pumps can also confer high levels of resistance to previously clinically useful antibiotics. Some efflux pumps have narrow substrate specificity (for exam- ple, the Tet pumps), but many transport a wide range of structurally dissimilar substrates and are known as multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps.There are well-studied examples of MDR efflux pumps that are present in all bacteria, and new pumps that export antibiotics continue to be described. In the past 2 years, these have included MdeA in Streptococcus mutans, FuaABC in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, KexD in K. pneumoniae and LmrS in S. aureus30–33.
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