both GDM and pre-GDM were more
likely to be older, be of lower socioeconomic
status, and have more physician
visits. In the stratified multivariable logistic
regression analysis, among
women with pre-GDM, older age reduced
the likelihood of a congenital
anomaly (odds ratio [OR] 0.81 [95% CI
0.70–0.94]), whereas living in a rural
community increased the likelihood
(1.55 [1.24–1.93]) (Table 2). Women
with pre-GDM who saw an endocrinologist
or internist during pregnancy were
more likely to have had an offspring with
congenital anomaly and perinatal mortality.
Among women with GDM, those
of higher socioeconomic status were
less likely to have had a perinatal mortality,
and seeing an endocrinologist or
internist reduced the likelihood of a
congenital anomaly and perinatal
mortality in offspring of women with
GDM. Having at least one prenatal obstetrician
visit reduced the odds of perinatal
mortality in women with both
GDM and pre-GDM (OR 0.52 [0.36–
0.76] and 0.52 [0.34–0.79], respectively)
(Table 2).