Sociological observations of the origins of mass schooling in nations have noted the assumption held by a wide spectrum of political interests that there is, and should be, a link between universal education and democratic citizenry as a predictable route to social order within a national polity (Meyer, Ramirez, & Soysal, 1992). One of the main motivations behind the long-term spread of formal schooling within and across nations was, and still is, the interest in socializing not only productive members for the economy but also citizens for the national polity (Wiseman, 2007). For example, historical analyses have shown that national reactions to political, military, and economic crises often resulted in mobilizing state resources for mass education as a strategic plan to make better citizen-soldiers in addition to productive workers (Ramirez & Boli, 1987b).