The growth can be described more generally as a bootstrapping process in
which dual coding systems pull themselves upward using their own resources, thus
constituting an increasingly complex and powerful feed-forward system. The idea
is compatible with the Herbartian concept of apperceptive mass, a knowledge
structure that grows with experience. The concept greatly influenced education
and was reflected as well in the Piagetian concepts of assimilation and
accommodation of new information with schemata. The difference here is that
DCT emphasizes the functional importance of the nonverbal and verbal
8
components of the growing apperceptive mass (Paivio, 2006, pp. 31-32).
Moreover, unlike the schema-based Piagetian concepts, the DCT sensorimotor
systems are modality-specific rather than amodal and abstract.
All developmental stages are empirically supported. Nonverbal cognitive
representations manifest themselves early in recognition responses (e.g.,
habituation) to people and objects before there is any hint of language. Language
shows up later in name-related behaviors such as looking at or searching for
named objects--proof of referential connections between logogens and imagens. A
glimmer of autonomous verbal behavior shows up early in vocal mimicry of
speech sounds, including one’s own (“echolalia”), but it appears more clearly later
in the verbal associative skills involved in comprehension and production of
sequences of two or more words, some of which can be classified as grammatical.
The grammatical phase was supported most directly by Moeser and Bregman
(1973) in an experiment in which participants learned a miniature artificial
grammar with or without syntax-correlated referents. Participants who received
different sentence exemplars presented only as strings of nonsense words showed
no learning after 3200 trials. Those who saw the sentences along with syntaxcorrelated
referent pictures showed rapid learning, and could subsequently learn
new instances from verbal contexts alone. The authors noted that their results were
consistent with predictions from the dual coding analysis of syntax learning just
described, particularly the conclusion that “the grammars first learned by children
will be ‘tied to’ the syntax of concrete objects and events...via the medium of
imagery...and only later will more abstract grammars emerge” (Paivio,1971, pp.
437-438). Moeser and Bregman’s data have been carefully rfe-examined recently
from a mental- models perspective on language that is compatible with DCT
(Strømnes, 2006).
The growth can be described more generally as a bootstrapping process in
which dual coding systems pull themselves upward using their own resources, thus
constituting an increasingly complex and powerful feed-forward system. The idea
is compatible with the Herbartian concept of apperceptive mass, a knowledge
structure that grows with experience. The concept greatly influenced education
and was reflected as well in the Piagetian concepts of assimilation and
accommodation of new information with schemata. The difference here is that
DCT emphasizes the functional importance of the nonverbal and verbal
8
components of the growing apperceptive mass (Paivio, 2006, pp. 31-32).
Moreover, unlike the schema-based Piagetian concepts, the DCT sensorimotor
systems are modality-specific rather than amodal and abstract.
All developmental stages are empirically supported. Nonverbal cognitive
representations manifest themselves early in recognition responses (e.g.,
habituation) to people and objects before there is any hint of language. Language
shows up later in name-related behaviors such as looking at or searching for
named objects--proof of referential connections between logogens and imagens. A
glimmer of autonomous verbal behavior shows up early in vocal mimicry of
speech sounds, including one’s own (“echolalia”), but it appears more clearly later
in the verbal associative skills involved in comprehension and production of
sequences of two or more words, some of which can be classified as grammatical.
The grammatical phase was supported most directly by Moeser and Bregman
(1973) in an experiment in which participants learned a miniature artificial
grammar with or without syntax-correlated referents. Participants who received
different sentence exemplars presented only as strings of nonsense words showed
no learning after 3200 trials. Those who saw the sentences along with syntaxcorrelated
referent pictures showed rapid learning, and could subsequently learn
new instances from verbal contexts alone. The authors noted that their results were
consistent with predictions from the dual coding analysis of syntax learning just
described, particularly the conclusion that “the grammars first learned by children
will be ‘tied to’ the syntax of concrete objects and events...via the medium of
imagery...and only later will more abstract grammars emerge” (Paivio,1971, pp.
437-438). Moeser and Bregman’s data have been carefully rfe-examined recently
from a mental- models perspective on language that is compatible with DCT
(Strømnes, 2006).
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