The Middle Himalayas, also known as the Inner or Lesser Himalayas, possess a striking uniformity of height: most are between 1,830 and 3,050 meters. The Middle Himalayas region is an intricate cacophony of fertile valleys and forest-covered ranges. Within the Middle Himalayas, the intervening mountain ranges tend to separate the densely populated valleys. There are only a few roads and transport routes that exist between towns, partly because it is not financially feasible to build them over the rough terrain. Only major population centers are linked by air and roads with cities in India and Pakistan.
The Sub-Himalayas, which is the southernmost and the lowest zone, borders the plains of Pakistan North and India. It includes the Siwlik Range and foothills as well as the narrow piedmont plain at the foot of the mountains. A distinct feature of the Sub-Himalayas is the great number of flat-bottomed valleys known as duns, which are typically spindle-shaped and filled with alluvium. South of the foothills lies the Tari and Duars plains. The southern part of the Tari and Duars plains is heavily farmed. The northern part was a forest home to wild animals until about the 1950s. Most of the forests of this region have been exploited, and much of the land has been utilized for agriculture.
The Himalayas are greatly influenced by variations in climate and topography which can impose harsh living environments and tends to hinder movement and communication. The geographic variation is stunning with snowcapped mountains, jungles, and green vegetation landscapes throughout the regions.