Conclusion
The definition of nanowaste has been improved, in order to better reflect the characteristics of modern waste management and to provide improved guidance in relation to the special management of nanowaste, as well as a regulatory definition of limit values and data reporting. On the basis of this definition, a five-step framework for the systematic assessment of potential exposure to nanomaterials in the environment was proposed and discussed: (1) the quantification of nanowaste, (2) the evaluation of matrix properties and nanowaste treatment, (3) the evaluation of the
physicochemical properties of the nanostructure, (4) the evaluation of transformation processes and the release of ENMs and (5) the assessment of potential exposure. The framework was applied to three selected nanoproducts (polyester textiles, sunscreen lotion and tennis racquets), indicating that considerable amounts of these nanoproducts entered the waste management system in 2011 (globally 23.7 9 103 Mg of polyester textiles, 715–1,430 Mg of sunscreen lotion and 313–825 Mg tennis racquets). Based on potential waste management practices and exposure routes, this could result in 0.8–5.6 Mg of nanosilver, 14–143 Mg nanoTiO2 and 0.5–1.2 Mg CNTs being released
annually into the environment on a global scale. Based on the assessment framework, potential environmental
exposure from solid waste related to the three nanoproducts was identified as: medium (polyester textiles), medium (sunscreen lotion) and low (tennis racquets). The main challenges in relation to further research within nanomaterials and waste were identified as (1) transformation of nanomaterials within waste treatment technologies, (2) release mechanisms under conditions relevant for waste disposal, (3) exposure assessment performed at the local level
within a precise context, (4) the characterisation of nanowaste and the development of appropriate analytical methods and (5) a definition of appropriate regulatory limit values and nanowaste data reporting.
Conclusion
The definition of nanowaste has been improved, in order to better reflect the characteristics of modern waste management and to provide improved guidance in relation to the special management of nanowaste, as well as a regulatory definition of limit values and data reporting. On the basis of this definition, a five-step framework for the systematic assessment of potential exposure to nanomaterials in the environment was proposed and discussed: (1) the quantification of nanowaste, (2) the evaluation of matrix properties and nanowaste treatment, (3) the evaluation of the
physicochemical properties of the nanostructure, (4) the evaluation of transformation processes and the release of ENMs and (5) the assessment of potential exposure. The framework was applied to three selected nanoproducts (polyester textiles, sunscreen lotion and tennis racquets), indicating that considerable amounts of these nanoproducts entered the waste management system in 2011 (globally 23.7 9 103 Mg of polyester textiles, 715–1,430 Mg of sunscreen lotion and 313–825 Mg tennis racquets). Based on potential waste management practices and exposure routes, this could result in 0.8–5.6 Mg of nanosilver, 14–143 Mg nanoTiO2 and 0.5–1.2 Mg CNTs being released
annually into the environment on a global scale. Based on the assessment framework, potential environmental
exposure from solid waste related to the three nanoproducts was identified as: medium (polyester textiles), medium (sunscreen lotion) and low (tennis racquets). The main challenges in relation to further research within nanomaterials and waste were identified as (1) transformation of nanomaterials within waste treatment technologies, (2) release mechanisms under conditions relevant for waste disposal, (3) exposure assessment performed at the local level
within a precise context, (4) the characterisation of nanowaste and the development of appropriate analytical methods and (5) a definition of appropriate regulatory limit values and nanowaste data reporting.
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