Finally, additional work has shown that the SERM raloxifene can prevent MPTP-induced decreases in striatal dopamine concentrations and dopamine transporter binding in mice [151,152]. This effect was dose-dependent, with a beneficial effect of raloxifene observed at a dose of 5mg/kg/day but not at a dose of 1mg/kg/day. Furthermore, raloxifene did not affect NMDA or AMPA receptor sensitive binding in the striatum in MPTP-treated mice, suggesting that raloxifene does not regulate the concentration of glutamate receptors in MPTP-treated mice [151]. However, work in a clonal substania nigra cell line, SN4741 showed that raloxifene, like E2 can significantly reduce neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress, suggesting that an antioxidant capability may be involved in at least part of its neuroprotective effects of raloxifene [110].