We study how agency problems affect the propensity to stockpile cash in the U.S. To measure
agency problems, we use multiple governance measures, which encompass ownership concentration
(managerial ownership and institutional holdings), executive compensation, board composition, and an
index (and subsets) of shareholder rights, developed by Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003), referred to
hereafter as the GIndex. Since these measures may be substitutes for each other in controlling the firm’s
agency problems, using multiple measures provides a more complete picture and allows us to measure
their differential impact on cash holdings. In doing so, we provide evidence on the following two main
questions: (i) Do higher agency conflicts, as indicated by a weak governance structure, lead managers to
stockpile cash reserves in the U.S.?, and (ii) How do weak governance structures change the way cash is
deployed by managers?
We study how agency problems affect the propensity to stockpile cash in the U.S. To measure
agency problems, we use multiple governance measures, which encompass ownership concentration
(managerial ownership and institutional holdings), executive compensation, board composition, and an
index (and subsets) of shareholder rights, developed by Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003), referred to
hereafter as the GIndex. Since these measures may be substitutes for each other in controlling the firm’s
agency problems, using multiple measures provides a more complete picture and allows us to measure
their differential impact on cash holdings. In doing so, we provide evidence on the following two main
questions: (i) Do higher agency conflicts, as indicated by a weak governance structure, lead managers to
stockpile cash reserves in the U.S.?, and (ii) How do weak governance structures change the way cash is
deployed by managers?
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