active at low pH.
The most widely used carbon sources in industrial
fermentations are glucose syrups from starch hydrolysis, sugar
beet molasses and low quality-sugarcane byproducts that, in
general, are contaminated by high levels of cations from
previous processes. Cations usually come from insoluble
residues formed by precipitation with potassium ferrocyanide.
Due to the complexity of these pretreatments, a lot of research
has been conducted using refined sugars, mainly glucose or
sucrose.